{"id":774,"date":"2026-04-10T11:55:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T11:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/?p=774"},"modified":"2026-04-11T04:53:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T04:53:29","slug":"indian-national-congress-1885","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/indian-national-congress-1885\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"274\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-1024x274.png\" alt=\"\u09a1. \u09b8\u09c1\u09ad\u09be\u09b7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8 - \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u0993 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6, \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\" class=\"wp-image-787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-1024x274.png 1024w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-768x206.png 768w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35-18x5.png 18w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-35.png 1481w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">[How was the Indian National Congress established in 1885?]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">1. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb-\u09a8\u09be-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u0993 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u0988\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0964 1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4\u0983 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 <strong>\u09a1. \u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, <em>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a8\u09a6\u09c0 \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u099c\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09ab\u09b2\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf 1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 60 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/em><sup data-fn=\"d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613-link\" href=\"#d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"672\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-1024x672.jpg\" alt=\"\u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u0997\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u099b\u09ac\u09bf\" class=\"wp-image-819\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-1024x672.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-768x504.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e8\u09ee \u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09a6\u09be\u09b8 \u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u0964<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">2. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>1877 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0995\u09c7 <strong>&#8216;\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09c0&#8217;<\/strong> (Empress of India) \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u0981\u0995\u099c\u09ae\u0995\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997, \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ac\u09c3\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09c7\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 <strong>\u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09af\u09bc <\/strong>\u0993 <strong>\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u09a7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<sup data-fn=\"be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19-link\" href=\"#be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u099f\u09bf\u0987 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0990\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">3. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c0: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Subrahmanya-Iyer-2.jpg\" alt=\"\u099c\u09bf. \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09df\u09be\u09b0 - \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\" class=\"wp-image-850\" style=\"width:232px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Subrahmanya-Iyer-2.jpg 272w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Subrahmanya-Iyer-2-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Subrahmanya-Iyer-2-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 <strong>\u099c\u09bf. \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u099f\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 <strong>\u2018\u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c0<\/strong>\u2019\u09b0 (International Exhibition) \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0993 \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, <em>\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ac\u09c3\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u0998\u09b0\u09cb\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ad\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc, \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09ae\u099e\u09cd\u099a \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/em> \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u099f\u099f\u09bf\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 1885 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0998\u099f\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">4. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09be: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a8<\/strong> \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <strong>\u2018\u0987\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2<\/strong>\u2019-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099c\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 1884 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac <strong>\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09be \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ac\u09c3\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u0983\u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b2 \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u0997\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09c7\u0997\u0998\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u09df, \u09a4\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ac\u09c3\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be <strong>&#8216;\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8&#8217;<\/strong> \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">5. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09a5\u09bf\u0993\u09b8\u09ab\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Annie-Besant.png\" alt=\"\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09ae\u09a4\u09c0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 - \u09a5\u09bf\u0993\u09b8\u09ab\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\" class=\"wp-image-829\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7092332358766387;width:243px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Annie-Besant.png 300w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Annie-Besant-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Annie-Besant-9x12.png 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09ae\u09a4\u09c0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, 1884 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7 <strong>\u2018\u09a5\u09bf\u0993\u09b8\u09ab\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u2019<\/strong>-\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u2018\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09c3\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0\u2019 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u0986\u09b8\u09c7<sup data-fn=\"501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11-link\" href=\"#501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09ae\u09a4\u09c0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u0987 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0990 \u09b8\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 <strong>\u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 <strong>\u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8<\/strong> \u0990 \u09b8\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u0990 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af <strong>\u09a1. \u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">6. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09a8\u09cc\u09b0\u099c\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dadabhai-Naoroji.jpg\" alt=\"\u09a6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\" class=\"wp-image-836\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7842866512478857;width:256px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dadabhai-Naoroji.jpg 578w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dadabhai-Naoroji-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dadabhai-Naoroji-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u2018\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09b9\u2019<\/strong> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u0993 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u0987 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8\u09c7 <strong>\u2018\u0987\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u2019<\/strong> \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u099f\u09be \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09ae\u09a4\u0993 \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be <strong>\u09a6\u09c0\u09a8\u09b6\u09be \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099a\u09be<\/strong> \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, <em>\u201c\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 <strong>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae<\/strong>\u0987 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09a8\u09a8\u0964\u201d<\/em> <sup data-fn=\"bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445-link\" href=\"#bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445\">4<\/a><\/sup> \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099a\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">7. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af <strong>\u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09af\u09bc<\/strong> \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Surendranath-Banerjee.jpg\" alt=\"\u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc - \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\" class=\"wp-image-833\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.2563159767524612;width:306px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Surendranath-Banerjee.jpg 603w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Surendranath-Banerjee-300x239.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Surendranath-Banerjee-15x12.jpg 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf <strong>\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u099a\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, 1883 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 <strong>\u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8\u2019 <\/strong>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 <strong>\u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u2019<\/strong> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a5 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u2019\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0990 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0997\u09a3 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\u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u2019 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u0964<\/em> \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 <strong>\u09a1. \u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0<\/strong>\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">9. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \/ \u09b7\u09dc\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 <strong>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ad\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae<\/strong> (1829- 1912 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf.)-\u0995\u09c7 <strong>\u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u0995\u2019<\/strong> \u09ac\u09be \u2018\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u2019 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">9.1. \u09b8\u09be\u09a4 \u0996\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2: <\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/William-Wedderburn-2.jpg\" alt=\"\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8 - \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf\" class=\"wp-image-843\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7151955612862892;width:249px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/William-Wedderburn-2.jpg 344w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/William-Wedderburn-2-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/William-Wedderburn-2-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf <strong>\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8<\/strong> \u09b0\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 <em>\u201c\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ad\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae, \u09ab\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ab \u09a6\u09bf \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u201d<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7, 1870-79 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b8\u099a\u09bf\u09ac \u09aa\u09a6\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 <strong>\u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09a8 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0<\/strong> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09a4\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09ce \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u098f\u0987\u09b8\u09ac \u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u2014 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<sup data-fn=\"d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641-link\" href=\"#d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b9 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf <strong>\u2018\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u2019<\/strong> \u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u2018\u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u2019 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09df \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u2014 <em>\u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u09df\u09be\u09ac\u09b9 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u0987 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b9\u09df \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">9.2. \u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf: <\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Umesh-Chandra-Bonnerjee.jpg\" alt=\"\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc - \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf\" class=\"wp-image-864\" style=\"width:240px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Umesh-Chandra-Bonnerjee.jpg 500w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Umesh-Chandra-Bonnerjee-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Umesh-Chandra-Bonnerjee-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 <strong>\u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf<\/strong> (1\u09b2\u09be \u09ae\u09c7, 1883 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf.) \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995, \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995, \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b9\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0990 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0995 <strong>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8<\/strong> \u0986\u09b9\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09a6\u09c1-\u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u0993 \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 <strong>\u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a8, \u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099f<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u0996 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4-\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1, \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u0987\u09b8\u09b0\u09df <strong>\u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf <strong>\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 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height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Alan-Octevian-Hume-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\u098f. \u0993. \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae - \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 '\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad' \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\" class=\"wp-image-842\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7500405515004055;width:248px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Alan-Octevian-Hume-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Alan-Octevian-Hume-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Alan-Octevian-Hume-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Alan-Octevian-Hume.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09dc\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b0, \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7, \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ac\u09c8\u09b7\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf, \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 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\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0997\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be-\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u098f \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">9.4<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">. \u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \/ \u09b7\u09dc\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u099f\u09bf: <\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09df <strong>\u2018\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u2019 <\/strong>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <strong>\u2018\u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae-\u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b7\u09dc\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u2019<\/strong> \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<sup data-fn=\"d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7-link\" href=\"#d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7\">7<\/a><\/sup> <strong>\u09a1. \u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0, \u09a1. \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b6\u09c0\u09b2, \u09a1. \u0985\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09bf, \u09a1. \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0, \u09a1. \u098f\u09b8. \u0986\u09b0. \u09ae\u09c7\u09b9\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \u09a1. \u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u0996 \u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[1] \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac, \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u099a\u09bf\u09ac \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09a8 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[2] \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09df, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[3] <strong>\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0987 \u098f\u09a4 \u09ad\u09df\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 (1879 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf.) \u098f\u09a4 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[4] \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u0993 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7, \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf 1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 17 \u09ae\u09c7 <em>\u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987-\u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09ad\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0 <strong>\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7<\/strong>-\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8, \u2018\u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09c1\u2019 \u0993 \u2018\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a0\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09a3\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u2019 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 <\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[5] \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7, \u09b8\u09be\u09a4 \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0990 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u0993 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 <strong>\u2018\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4, \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u2019<\/strong> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">9.5. \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4: <\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09a1. \u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09b2\u09c0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0995\u09c2\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09b2\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09b2\u09c0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b2\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09b7\u09be\u09a8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u099a\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">10. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09be\u09b0: <\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Gopal-Krishna-Gokhale.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-845\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.8284182305630027;width:272px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Gopal-Krishna-Gokhale.png 140w, https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Gopal-Krishna-Gokhale-10x12.png 10w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1913 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 <strong>\u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3 \u0997\u09cb\u0996\u09b2\u09c7<\/strong> \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, <em>\u201c\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u09a4 \u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u09c7, \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964\u201d <\/em>\u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u099a\u09b2\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u098f \u0995\u09be\u099c\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 <strong>\u09a1. \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, <em>\u201c1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0986\u0995\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4\u09bf\u0964\u201d <\/em> <strong>\u09a1. \u0985\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09c0<\/strong> \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 <strong>\u2018\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u0995\u2019 <\/strong>\u0986\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09bf \u09a8\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 <em>\u201c\u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb-\u09a8\u09be-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b9\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be, \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be- \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0964\u201d<\/em> \u09af\u09be\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995, \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 1885 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 28 \u09b6\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 <strong>\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 <strong>\u0997\u09cb\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09a6\u09be\u09b8 \u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c7 72 \u099c\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 (28-30 \u09b6\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0) \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09ae\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8: \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8<\/mark><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group my-mcq-section is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09e7. \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u0995\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u09e7\u09ee\u09ed\u09ed<br>(\u0996) \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e9<br>(\u0997) \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09eb<br>(\u0998) \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09e9<\/summary>\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0997) \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09eb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09e8. \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be<br>(\u0996) \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987<br>(\u0997) \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c<br>(\u0998) \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0996) \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987 (\u0997\u09cb\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09a6\u09be\u09b8 \u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09e9. \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0996) \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0997) \u09a6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0<br>(\u0998) \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0995) \u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09ea. \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u2018\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09b9\u2019 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0996) \u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3 \u0997\u09cb\u0996\u09b2\u09c7<br>(\u0997) \u09a6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0<br>(\u0998) \u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09a7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09bf\u09b2\u0995<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0997) \u09a6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c0<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09eb. \u2018\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u2019 (Safety Valve) \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4<br>(\u0996) \u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0997) \u09a1. \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0<br>(\u0998) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0996) \u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09ec. \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09a4\u099c\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u09eb\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8<br>(\u0996) \u09ed\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8<br>(\u0997) \u09e7\u09e6\u09e6 \u099c\u09a8<br>(\u0998) \u09e7\u09e8\u09e6 \u099c\u09a8<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0996) \u09ed\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09ed. \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ad\u09be\u0987\u09b8\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u2018\u0986\u09b6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u2019 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a8<br>(\u0996) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8<br>(\u0997) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<br>(\u0998) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09a8<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0997) \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details\"><summary><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><strong>\u09ee. \u2018\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09a8\u2019 (National Conference) \u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2?<\/strong><br><\/mark>(\u0995) \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4<br>(\u0996) \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0997) \u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<br>(\u0998) \u098f.\u0993. \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae<\/summary>\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: (\u0996) \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09b6\u0987 \u099c\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf (FAQ)<\/mark><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847152658\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09e7: \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c7?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u00a0<strong>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae (A.O. Hume)<\/strong>\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847171538\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09e8: \u2018\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u2019 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u0985\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b9\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u099f\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u2018\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09ae\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a5\u2019 \u09ac\u09be \u2018\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u2019 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ad \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847187712\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09e9: \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u2018\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09a8\u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u2019-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847199373\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ea: \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b9 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cb\u09ad \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847208474\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09eb: \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09c0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0989\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a1\u09be\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4, \u09af\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u2018\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u2019 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09a8\u0997\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1775847234036\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong><mark style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ec: \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0995\u09c0?<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09ab\u09b2\u0995\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3, \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0990\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613\">\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0, <em>History of the Freedom Movement in India (Vol. I)<\/em>; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e9\u09ee\u09ef\u0964 <a href=\"#d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19\">\u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b6\u09c0\u09b2;\u00a0<em>The Emergence of Indian Nationalism<\/em>; Cambridge University Press, 1968; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e8\u09ec\u09ee\u0964 <a href=\"#be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11\">\u098f\u09b8. \u0986\u09b0. \u09ae\u09c7\u09b9\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be;\u00a0<em>The Emergence of the Indian National Congress<\/em>; Vikas Publishing House, 1971; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e9\u09e7\u09e6-\u09e9\u09e7\u09e7\u0964 <a href=\"#501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445\">\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8;\u00a0<em>Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress<\/em>; T. Fisher Unwin, 1913; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09ee\u09e6\u0964 <a href=\"#bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641\">\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8; <em>Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress;<\/em> T. Fisher Unwin, 1913; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09ee\u09e6-\u09ee\u09e7\u0964 <a href=\"#d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"df7087b6-0f25-40b0-bdcd-57b9e3e5124e\">\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4; <em>India Today;<\/em> Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1940; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09e9\u09e7\u09ec\u0964 <a href=\"#df7087b6-0f25-40b0-bdcd-57b9e3e5124e-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7\">\u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0; <em>India&#8217;s Struggle for Independence;<\/em> Penguin Books, 1989; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09ec\u09ea-\u09ec\u09eb\u0964 <a href=\"#d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[How was the Indian National Congress established in 1885?] 1. \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be: \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb-\u09a8\u09be-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":819,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09b0, <em>History of the Freedom Movement in India (Vol. I)<\/em>; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e9\u09ee\u09ef\u0964\",\"id\":\"d5e31e9f-5011-4df1-b062-a84aca3fa613\"},{\"content\":\"\u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b6\u09c0\u09b2;\u00a0<em>The Emergence of Indian Nationalism<\/em>; Cambridge University Press, 1968; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e8\u09ec\u09ee\u0964\",\"id\":\"be724cd9-9350-41c8-a125-c66917459c19\"},{\"content\":\"\u098f\u09b8. \u0986\u09b0. \u09ae\u09c7\u09b9\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be;\u00a0<em>The Emergence of the Indian National Congress<\/em>; Vikas Publishing House, 1971; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09e9\u09e7\u09e6-\u09e9\u09e7\u09e7\u0964\",\"id\":\"501feced-1f41-49cd-8c3b-71118c127f11\"},{\"content\":\"\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8;\u00a0<em>Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress<\/em>; T. Fisher Unwin, 1913; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be- \u09ee\u09e6\u0964\",\"id\":\"bcfb82fe-3888-463d-a03e-9e8eb22c9445\"},{\"content\":\"\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8; <em>Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress;<\/em> T. Fisher Unwin, 1913; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09ee\u09e6-\u09ee\u09e7\u0964\",\"id\":\"d3166598-bea5-4607-8368-0160619fb641\"},{\"content\":\"\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4; <em>India Today;<\/em> Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1940; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09e9\u09e7\u09ec\u0964\",\"id\":\"df7087b6-0f25-40b0-bdcd-57b9e3e5124e\"},{\"content\":\"\u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0; <em>India's Struggle for Independence;<\/em> Penguin Books, 1989; \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0: \u09ec\u09ea-\u09ec\u09eb\u0964\",\"id\":\"d2cc863e-527a-4370-9e51-d4b1d12b05e7\"}]"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885.jpg",1060,696,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-300x197.jpg",300,197,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-768x504.jpg",768,504,true],"large":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-1024x672.jpg",1024,672,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885.jpg",1060,696,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885.jpg",1060,696,false],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1st_INC1885-18x12.jpg",18,12,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Subhas Biswas","author_link":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/author\/subhasbiswaschakgmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"[How was the Indian National Congress established in 1885?] 1. \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be: \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb-\u09a8\u09be-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 [&hellip;]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=774"}],"version-history":[{"count":69,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":914,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774\/revisions\/914"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekhaporaonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}